Signal Effectors

Effectors, effectors et encore des effectors: the XIV International Congress on Molecular-Plant Microbe Interactions, Quebec.

Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, U.S.A.; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A.; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Canada; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, U.K.; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiol...

From signal to cell polarity: mitogen-activated protein kinases as sensors and effectors of cytoskeleton dynamicity.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ubiquitous phosphorylation enzymes involved in signal transduction, gene expression and activation of diverse cytoskeletal proteins. MAPKs participate in the regulation of a broad range of crucial cellular processes including cell survival, division, polarization, stress responses, and metabolism. Phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins usually res...

The Shigella T3SS needle transmits a signal for MxiC release, which controls secretion of effectors

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are key determinants of virulence in many Gram-negative bacteria, including animal and plant pathogens. They inject 'effector' proteins through a 'needle' protruding from the bacterial surface directly into eukaryotic cells after assembly of a 'translocator' pore in the host plasma membrane. Secretion is a tightly regulated process, which is blocked until phys...

Advanced Aerodynamic Control Effectors

A 1990 research program that focused on the development of advanced aerodynamic control effectors (AACE) for military aircraft has been reviewed and summarized. Data are presented for advanced planform, flow control, and surface contouring technologies. The data show significant increases in lift, reductions in drag, and increased control power, compared to typical aerodynamic designs. The resu...

Pseudomonas type-III effectors